which of the following was a progressive era reform

Senators). All of the following laid foundations for Progressivism EXCEPT: answer choices Prohibitionism Social Darwinism Populism COS, Social Gospel, and Settlement House Movements Question 4 30 seconds Q. Corrections? The NAWSA was the largest and most important suffrage organization in the United States, and was the primary promoter of women's right to vote. The 17th Amendment helped eliminate corruption and reduce the influence of political machines by allowing Americans to directly elect U.S. senators. The biggest battles came in New York state, where the conservatives fought hard for years against several governors until the primary was finally adopted in 1913. After his death in 1925 his two sons took over the party. The Progressive Movement ushered in political change with the 16th amendment, which established a federal income tax, and the 17th amendment, which expanded voter power by having direct election of senators. The leadership of the GOP in Congress moved to the right, as did his protg President William Howard Taft. During the progressive era, opponents of political reform included many memebers of all of the following except: The middle class: 25: 13483901625: During the progressive era, reformers of city government frequently tried: Create city managers: 26: 13483901626: The initiative and referendum were progressive era political reforms, designed to weaken Utah, [73], The Oregon Direct Legislation League was an organization of political activists founded by William S. U'Ren in 1898. Factories were noisy, dangerous, and spewed toxic gases that polluted the air and clouded the sky. Wyoming [76][77], Democrats who promoted progressive policies included George Earle Chamberlain (governor 19031909 and senator 19091921); Oswald West (governor 19111915); and Harry Lane (senator 19131917). These amendments addressed political corruption, voting rights, and alcohol consumption. [21], The journalists who specialized in exposing waste, corruption, and scandal operated at the state and local level, like Ray Stannard Baker, George Creel, and Brand Whitlock. Activists were mobilized by the highly effective Anti-Saloon League. Page(s) 715-71618.3. William U'Ren was the founder of the Oregon System and a leading figure of Progressive reform. The business owners did however have little issue with selling the alcohol that the criminals like Capone provided.[240]. 5802602. The CTCA attempted to eradicate these problems from military training camps. "The National Progressive Republican League and the Elusive Quest for Progressive Unity.". Christina Simmons, "African Americans and sexual victorianism in the social hygiene movement, 1910-40. William U'Ren was an early convert who used it to build the Oregon reform crusade. Such scientific management applied to the domestic sphere was presented as a solution to the dilemma and the black middle-class women faced in terms of searching for meaning and fulfillment in their role of housekeeping. Campbell, Barbara Kuhn. The Progressive Era touched nearly every facet of American life, including labor reform, increased government regulation, and expansion of democracy. Farmers and workers relied heavily on their children to work and help the family's income. He drew from the American past a history of resistance to capitalist wage relations that was fundamentally liberal, and he reclaimed an idea that progressives had allowed to lapsethat working for wages was a lesser form of liberty. The social conservatism of many rural residents also led them to resist attempts for change led by outsiders. In 1893, membership in the National American Woman Suffrage Association stood at 13,000. [79] Following the Oregon model, John Randolph Haynes organized the Direct Legislation League of California in 1902 to launch the campaign for inclusion of the initiative and referendum in the state's constitution. in Christopher M. Nichols and Nancy C. Unger, eds. [52] He was the first to demonstrate the practicality and profitability of managing forests for continuous cropping. Urbanization and immigration increased at rapid rates and were accompanied by a shift from local small-scale manufacturing and commerce to large-scale factory production and colossal national corporations. Prohibition was backed by the Methodists, Baptists, Congregationalists, Scandinavian Lutherans and other evangelical churches. [214], Elite Filipina women played a major role in the reform movement, especially on health issues. Taft's cases included many leading firms in major sectors: Standard Oil; American Tobacco; United States Steel; Aluminum Company of America; International Harvester; National Cash Register; Westinghouse; General Electric; Kodak; Dupont; Union Pacific railroad; and Southern Pacific railroad. [191] Government agencies were also transformed in an effort to improve administrative efficiency. [196][197], After reorganizations prices to consumers went up, as the replacement firms lost the size efficiency of the trust. The Progressive Era (18961917) was a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States focused on defeating corruption, monopoly, waste and inefficiency. This idea included major reforms such as direct primaries, campaign finance, civil service, anti-lobbying laws, state income and inheritance taxes, child labor restrictions, pure food, and workmen's compensation laws. Most progressive reformers held a common belief in civic duty and self-sacrifice. However he strongly opposed Wilson's foreign policy, and mobilized the large German and Scandinavian elements which demanded neutrality in the World War I. Characteristics of Progressivism included a favorable attitude toward urbanindustrial society, belief in mankind's ability to improve the environment and conditions of life, belief in an obligation to intervene in economic and social affairs, a belief in the ability of experts and in the efficiency of government intervention. These laws were not rigorously enforced, however, until the years between 1900 and 1920, when Republican President Theodore Roosevelt (19011909), Democratic President Woodrow Wilson (19131921), and others sympathetic to the views of the Progressives came to power. In M. Fischer, C. Nackenoff, & W. Chielewski, Dewey W. Grantham, "The Contours of Southern Progressivism. Previous Section U.S. Edward Bellamys admiration for the discipline and self-sacrifice of the Civil War armies was reflected in his enormously popular utopian novel Looking Backward (1888). It was elitist, and emphasized education and expertise. Taft's attorney general George W. Wickersham personally supervised the most important cases against Standard Oil and American Tobacco. [118], At the local level the new city manager system was designed by progressives to increase efficiency and reduce partisanship and avoid the bribery of elected local officials. The Progressive movement split into hostile factions. The Stalwart counterattack said the Progressives were too haughty, too beholden to experts, too eager to regulate, and too expensive. Enrollment for children (age 5 to 19) in school rose from 51 percent to 59 between 1900 and 1909. Complete the following passage about Progressivism in the Native American community. [160], The direct primary became important at the state level starting in the 1890s and at the local level in the 1900s. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. [fact or opinion? [281], Historians of women and of youth emphasize the strength of the Progressive impulse in the 1920s. In states where agriculture was the main occupation, farmers often struggled to pay their taxes, especially when crops failed or prices dropped. [142][143] Typical projects involved upgrading schools, modernizing church operations, expanding business opportunities, fighting for a larger share of state budgets, and engaging in legal action to secure equal rights. The Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) was formed in 1874. Carl Eis, "The 19191930 Merger Movement In American Industry", Peter H. Argersinger, "Electoral Processes." Progressivism in American politics refers to a reform movement advocating progress - change and improvement - over conservatism, preserving the status quo. Progressive Era reforms tackled all sorts of problems, from political corruption to labor laws. [280] Likewise it was influential in the Midwest. The result was a permanent closing of red light districts in major cities. [289] Hoover himself had sharply moved to the right, and paid little attention to their liberal ideas. It prohibited the manufacturing, sale or transport of intoxicating beverages within the United States, as well as import and export. [10] Professionalization meant creating new career tracks in the universities, with hiring and promotion dependent on meeting international models of scholarship. The crusading element of progressivism thus largely ended, apart from prohibition, although business-oriented efficiency efforts continued. He wanted a city manager form of government in which outside experts would bring efficiency while elected officials would have little direct power, and bribery would not prevail. [148], Although there were some achievements that improved conditions for African Americans and other non-white minorities, the Progressive Era was still in the midst of the nadir of American race relations. in David R Colburn and Sandra Pozzetta, eds., Arlene F. Kantor, "Upton Sinclair and the Pure Food and Drugs Act of 1906.: 'I aimed at the public's heart and by accident, I hit it in the stomach'. During the 1880s, referendums were held at the state level to enact prohibition amendments. [125], The social hygiene movement brought together different groups that were concerned with venereal disease, prostitution, society's moral standards, and family life. Provides ample, relevant historical information related to reform efforts during the time period. ", Paige Meltzer, "The Pulse and Conscience of America" The General Federation and Women's Citizenship, 19451960,", Debra Reid, "Rural African Americans and Progressive Reform,", Dianne D. Glave, "'A Garden so Brilliant With Colors, so Original in its Design': Rural African American Women, Gardening, Progressive Reform, and the Foundation of an African American Environmental Perspective. [195] The targets even included operations run by Taft's personal friends, such as Ohio-based National Cash Register. Calling themselves "The New Nationalists", Croly and Walter Weyl sought to remedy the relatively weak national institutions with a strong federal government. The major new face was Herbert Hoover. [164], In New Jersey, on the other hand, the party leaders introduced the primary in every county by 1902. By 1917, two-thirds of the states had some form of prohibition laws and roughly three-quarters of the population lived in dry areas. Demands grew for local and state government to take charge. Two important groups were formed during this period. What happened to the Progressive Movement in the 1920s?, Putnam, Jackson K. The Persistence of Progressivism in the 1920s: The Case of California., Zieger, Robert H. "Labor, Progressivism, and Herbert Hoover in the 1920's. What is important to note about this tax is that rates were determined by apportionment, which means taxes are based on a state's population and not by peoples' individual wealth. Timeline of major events during the Progressive Era. Above all, that commitment to remaking American democracy looked to the strengthening of the public sphere. Reformers such as Taft believed landownership would turn unruly agrarians into loyal subjects. [34] Additionally, the middle class (most notably women) began to move away from prior Victorian era domestic values. Their explicit goal was to professionalize and make "scientific" the social sciences, especially history,[8] economics,[9] and political science. How Prohibition backfired and gave America an era of gangsters and speakeasies. Idaho, The Progressive Era: Political Reforms . [98][99], State leaders in reform included editor William Allen White, who reached a national audience, and Governor Walter R. Stubbs. The 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th amendments were progressive amendments passed under Presidents Taft and Wilson. He voted to uphold state laws providing for minimum wages, workmen's compensation, and maximum work hours for women and children. Ida M. Tarbell wrote a series of articles against Standard Oil, which was perceived to be a monopoly. The main objective of the Progressive movement was eliminating corruption in government. Settlement houses provided social services and played an active role in civic life, helping immigrants prepare for naturalization and campaigning for regulation and services from city government. Congress enacted a law regulating railroads in 1887 (the Interstate Commerce Act), and one preventing large firms from controlling a single industry in 1890 (the Sherman Antitrust Act). Attacks by Tarbell and others helped pave the way for public acceptance of the breakup of the company by the Supreme Court in 1911. [190] Another significant constitutional change that began during the progressive era was the incorporation of the Bill of Rights so that those rights would apply to the states. When the colonists first arrived in America, they were farmers, but that all changed during the Industrial Revolution of the 1800s. Like the Populists, who flourished at the end of the 19th century, the progressives invoked the Preamble to the Constitution to assert their purpose of making We the Peoplethe whole peopleeffective in strengthening the federal governments authority to regulate society and the economy. Progressive Era reform aimed to do what was best for the community: the American people. Congress appropriated $75million over a five-year period, with the Secretary of Agriculture in charge through the Bureau of Public Roads, in cooperation with the state highway departments. In the second half of the nineteenth century, the United States experienced an industrial boom. They were aware of the problems of overcrowding, poverty, and crime in cities and took advantage of that to gain and maintain their political power in return. The result, according to political scientist Henry Jones Ford, was that the United States Senate had become a "Diet of party lords, wielding their power without scruple or restraint, on behalf of those particular interests" that put them in office. There was a concern towards working class children being taken out of school to be put straight to work. "[271] Some social historians have posited that the KKK may in fact fit into the Progressive agenda, if Klansmen are portrayed as "ordinary white Protestants" primarily interested in purification of the system, which had long been a core Progressive goal. Progressives advocated censorship of motion pictures as it was believed that patrons (especially children) viewing movies in dark, unclean, potentially unsafe theaters, might be negatively influenced in witnessing actors portraying crimes, violence, and sexually suggestive situations. Woodrow Wilson and William Jennings Bryan both saw themselves as 'Missionaries of Democracy', with the deliberate religious overtone. In 1860 one marriage in 800 ended in divorce; by 1900 it was one marriage in 8. Murphy, William B. A number of political and social reforms of the era brought major changes to American government and civic and social life. [184][185], Numerous other programs were aimed at rural youth, including 4-H clubs,[186] Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts. The 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th. [71], In the south, prohibition was high on the agenda but controversial. La Follette promoted government regulation of railroads, public utilities, factories, and banks. Voicing their opinions in public, they sought to deter American leaders from keeping the Asian-Pacific nation and to avoid the temptations of expansionist tendencies that were widely viewed as "un-American" at that time.[212]. [237] In 1907, Georgia and Alabama were the first states to go dry followed by Oklahoma, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Tennessee in the following years. They specialized on such urgent needs as infant care and maternal and child health, the distribution of pure milk and teaching new mothers about children's health. Wilson also presided over the passage of the Federal Reserve Act, which created a central banking system in the form of the Federal Reserve System. Carrie Chapman Catt was the key leader in the early 20th century. Indeed, progressive presidents such as Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, and the philosopher John Dewey, strongly supported Americas entry into World War I, not only because they believed, with President Wilson, that the country had a duty to make the world safe for democracy, but also because they acknowledged that there was no moral equivalent for the battlefield. The Democrats were a minor factor in the state, but he did form coalitions with the active Socialist Party in Milwaukee. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. While the Progressive Era did impact political and social change, the impact of these changes was limited. In 1903, Wisconsin became the first state to implement direct primary elections, and the state's governor, Robert La Follette, was among Progressives championing the enactment of initiatives and. No Resources. Immediately after the Civil War, Susan B. Anthony, a strong and outspoken advocate of women's rights, demanded that the Fourteenth Amendment include a guarantee of the vote for women as well as for African-American males. "Politics in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era." [153], One of the most impacting issues African Americans had to face during the Progressive Era was the right to vote. With the coming of the automobile after 1910, urgent efforts were made to upgrade and modernize dirt roads designed for horse-drawn wagon traffic. During the Progressive Era, one of the biggest sticking points was government corruption, and the election of senators was not immune from this. Bull Moose Party & Theodore Roosevelt | History & Platform. W. Bruce Fye, "The Origins and Evolution of the Mayo Clinic from 1864 to 1939: A Minnesota Family Practice Becomes an International 'Medical Mecca'", Barry C. Edwards, "Putting Hoover on the Map: Was the 31st President a Progressive? This amendment was a reflection of the Temperance Movement in the United States that started in the early 1800s. One of the agreed upon principles focused on the importance of community and that goals of the community should come before those of individuals. Richard Hofstadter, for example, in 1955 wrote that prohibition, "was a pseudo-reform, a pinched, parochial substitute for reform" that "was carried about America by the ruralevangelical virus". The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) was founded in response to the lack of representation for unskilled and foreign-born workers.Identify the goals and accomplishments of these two organizations. 240 lessons. It was radically egalitarian in favor of the disadvantaged classes. However, candidates who competed in the primaries and lost were prohibited from running as independents in the fall election. User: Which of the following was a progressive era reform Weegy: Pushing for civil rights for African Americans was a Progressive Era reform. One of the most influential political machines was Tammany Hall in New York City led by William ''Boss'' Tweed. The most important political leaders during this time were Theodore Roosevelt, and Robert M. La Follette. Sandbrook, Dominic. Updates? Constitution. [272] This however ignores the violence and racism central to Klan ideology and activities, that had nothing to do with improving society, so much as enforcing racial hierarchies. He is remembered for investigating corruption in municipal government in American cities and leftist values. The 19th Amendment was passed by Congress on June 4, 1919, and ratified on Aug. 18, 1920. This page was last edited on 29 April 2023, at 01:27. Hiram Johnson, the reform Republican governor of California, became Roosevelt's running mate. The Progressive Era (1896-1917) was a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States focused on defeating corruption, monopoly, waste and inefficiency. They were alarmed by the spread of slums, poverty, and the exploitation of labor. [40], With the major parties each nominating conservative candidates in the 1924 presidential election, left-wing groups coalesced behind La Follette's third-party candidacy. Railroads connected the contiguous United States and transported manufactured goods all over the country. As a result, many large corporations were opposed to immigration restrictions. "[270] Gerster and Cords argue that, "Since progressivism was a 'spirit' or an 'enthusiasm' rather than an easily definable force with common goals, it seems more accurate to argue that it produced a climate for reform which lasted well into the 1920s, if not beyond. Key democratic leaders were William Jennings Bryan, Woodrow Wilson, and Al Smith. The media gave extensive exposure, especially to cases against Standard Oil and American Tobacco, which reached directly tens of millions of consumers. The states were at liberty to enforce prohibition or not, and most did not try. By 1900 middle class "progressive" reformers everywhere were studying it. "Scientific Management, Institutionalism, and Business Stabilization: 19031923". Reformers addressed problems including worker safety, child labor, voting rights, overcrowding of cities, sanitation, political corruption, alcohol corruption, and taxation. Two major laws, the Federal Trade Commission Act and the Clayton Antitrust Act, were passed to regulate business and prevent monopolies. Ralph Mills Sayre. helped settle hundreds of industrial disputes and encouraged improvements in factory safety and the establishment of pensions for long-term workersMatch:AFLadvocated cooperation with corporate and political leaders to achieve workers' goalsMatch:AFLadvocated a workers' revolution that would seize the means of production and abolish the stateMatch:IWW, Chapter 18: The Progressive Era, 1900-1916, Inquisitive - Chapter 18: The Progressive Era, HDFS Human Development and Interventions Test, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Information Technology Project Management: Providing Measurable Organizational Value, Operations Management: Sustainability and Supply Chain Management. This disarray enabled the conservatives (called "Stalwarts") to elect Emanuel Philipp as governor in 1914. The Progressives argued the need for government regulation of business practices to ensure competition and free enterprise. The main advocates of progressivism were often middle-class social reformers. [141], Across the South, black communities developed their own Progressive reform projects. Activism during this time period resulted in multiple amendments to the Constitution which impacted change at the federal level. The Progressive Era Movement was a period of increased reform and activism that brought about political and social change. Leroy G. Dorsey, "Preaching Morality in Modern America: Theodore Roosevelt's Rhetorical Progressivism." decision trees are particularly useful when. The main motivation was to reduce the power of political bosses, who controlled the Senate seats by virtue of their control of state legislatures. ", Collin, Richard H. "Symbiosis versus Hegemony: New Directions in the Foreign Relations Historiography of Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft. Reforms were spurred by the activities of such prominent figures as Jane Addams, Upton Sinclair, and President Theodore Roosevelt. In the 1890s, the South witnessed a decrease in the possibility of Republican or Populist or coalition victories in most elections, with the Democratic Party gaining full control over all statewide Southern elections. Women and minorities increasing participation in the political process.

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