Bobby Gonzalez A+ Tribal Liaison (US) at TC Energy Bobby Gonzalez is a Chairman at Caddo Nation based in Binger, Oklahoma. Having given way over years before the power of the former Ohio Valley tribes, the later Caddo negotiated for peace with the waves of Spanish, French, and finally Anglo-American settlers. Sturtevant, William C., general editor and Raymond D. Fogelson, volume editor. The Wichita and Pawnee are related to the Caddo, as both tribes speak Caddoan languages. These stations attracted more French and other European settlers. The allotment system was intended to extinguish tribal Native American land claims to enable admission of Oklahoma as a state and assimilate Native Americans into the majority culture. All the while serving as the CEO of the Lawton Service Unit, including the Indian Hospital. go to CAREERS Available Positions To define. Hi, I just learned that my great great grandfather was apart of the Caddo Indian tribe from east Texas. The prehistoric Caddo village in southwest Arkansas has a burial ground that contains at least 114 human skulls and 238 additional jawbones. The Comanche Nation headquarters is located just north of Lawton, Oklahoma. I enjoy spending time with my husband, children, and two grandkids. [30], Operation of the tribe was split between two factions. The Louisiana Purchase was the impetus for the relocation of the Caddo. Chairman Francis is the daughter of the first elected female chairman, Mary Pat Francis (who was elected in the 1980s). Archeological evidence has confirmed that the cultural continuity is unbroken from prehistory to the present among these peoples. Caddo Nation of Oklahoma on June 26, 1976, and recognized by the Secretary of the Interior, the Tribal Council of the Caddo Nation has . "[2] Tribal governments were dismantled at this time, and Native Americans were expected to act as state and US citizens. Their leader, named Moon, instructed the people not to look back. Notes on the Caddo. McKees first opened in 1962. They were loosely affiliated with other neighboring tribes including the Yowani a Choctaw band. As of 2021 the tribal council consists of: The tribe has several programs to invigorate Caddo culture. The Caddo, who Francis mother often refers to as the most ancient of people, are now a community of 6,300 enrolled members spread across all 50 states. During the War of 1812, American generals such as William Henry Harrison, William Clark, and Andrew Jackson crushed pro-British uprisings among other Southeast Indians, in particular the Creeks. [28] In 1976, they drafted a new constitution, which continues elected representative government. The Caddo first encountered Europeans and Africans in 1541 when the Spanish Hernando de Soto Expedition came through their lands. On behalf of the Tribal Council, I submit the following activity report for the first 30-days of my Administration. I retired in 2017 as a Commander, so I am now a proud retired Native American woman veteran. Ab 2vdj. Such tattoos covered most of the body, including the face. Tribal Historic Preservation Offices (THPO) are officially designated by Tribes and serve the same function as a State Historic Preservation Office, but they are not a requirement. . THE CADDO NATION OF OKLAHOMA, and ) BRENDA EDWARDS, in her capacity as ) Chairman of The Caddo Nation of Oklahoma, )) Plaintiffs, )) v. ) Case No. Additional details are given in David Bushnell's Villages of the Algonquian, Siouan and Caddoan Tribes West of the Mississippi. O R D E R Before the Court is Defendant's Motion to Dismiss and Combined Brief in Support [Doc. Working together with other tribes and the state in a positive way strengthens all of our communities. Caddo Nation statement on Facebook. Their ancestors historically inhabited much of what is now East Texas, Louisiana, and portions of southern Arkansas and Oklahoma. She is the fourth elected female leader of the Caddo Nation), John Wilson (1840-1901), Caddo peyote roadman, Sho-e-tat (Little Boy) or George Washington (1816-1883), Louisiana Caddo leader, A stirrup dance by the Caddo Culture Club, Caddo National Complex, Binger, 2008, Caddo dancers, members of the Caddo Cultural Club, Binger, Oklahoma, 2008, Oklahoma City Representative: Jennifer Wilson. Source Material on the History and Ethnology of the Caddo Indians, Washington, GPO. At the same time, tribal governments were to be ended. Official websites use .gov Job Postings Caddo Census 2023 Caddo Census 2023 Contact Vice Chairman, Kelly Factor Vice Chairman, Kelly Factor (405) 656-2344 kfactor@mycaddonation.com PO Box 487 Binger, OK 73009 I'd like to hear from you. Chairman NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS 1441 L St. NW, Suite 9100. Leaders of at least 12 tribal nations attended his inauguration. [13], The Caddo creation story, as told in their oral history, says the tribe emerged from a cave, called Chahkanina or "the place of crying," located at the confluence of the Red River of the South and Mississippi River (in northern present-day Louisiana). The Kiwat Hasinay Foundation is dedicated to preserving and increasing use of the Caddo language.[8]. Whitebread, a Caddo leader, said, "because of their peaceful lives and friendship to the white man, and through their ignorance were not consulted, and have been ignored and stuck away in a corner and allowed to exist by sufferance." We can, and we must, continue fiercely defending Cherokee sovereignty and also find ways to work with the state on a range of issues. McKees first opened in 1962. These conversations are important to our Nation as we continue to lay groundwork and build upon the legacy of previous Administrations. The exit from the underground closed to the remaining people and animals. A Caddo woman, Zacado, instructed the tribe in hunting, fishing, home construction, and making clothing. Operation of the tribe was split between two factions. We prefer to have a relationship of mutual respect, with actions and actual communication. x{US+\*sjIV4{:LOalr,~K;~RI-cv})UJzsRHF9tT1Q=JF\2*:DtQtcAoOczm\m zOVoj.|KqRd=x#g9|$:^@'T-s%rL(e|T*Z]=n4f~hwv@2&6 SGj+B3Et:Y@ That's where the tribe hopes to teach the next generation of Caddo about the culture and language they've worked so hard to preserve. Don Kelin is an enrolled member of the Caddo Nation. However, when the United States purchased Louisiana in 1803 and gained control over the port of Orleans and the Mississippi River, the Caddo found themselves without power or agency with the U.S. government. The Caddo were forced to cede their traditional territory. This vigilante group led by Captain Peter Garland was a vigilante force from Erath County. We are excited to honor the legacy of McKees and the Susan Peters Gallery, and look forward to breathing new life into the establishments to convey our vibrant indigenous community. The Caddo were farmers and enjoyed good growing conditions most of the time. They made wooden mortars, as well as pots and other utensils out of clay. They adopted a written constitution and a process of electing officials. The Tribal Council is composed of eight members: Chairperson, Vice Chairperson, Secretary, Treasurer, Anadarko Representative, Binger Representative, Fort Cobb Representative and an Oklahoma City Representative. The chairman of the University of Arkansas board of trustees says he does not expect to meet a June 30 deadline to select a new university system president. There, we provided health education, wellness programs, and education and technical assistance to 7 reservation communities in the area. Pinterest. Men favored body modifications and ornamentation such as the painting of skin, jewelry, ear piercing, and hair decorations, like braids, adorned with bird feathers or animal fur. Join our team. Aug 23, 2019 - Apache Caddo Indian girl, Native Americans, kids, J T Morrow Pow Wow, Binger, Oklahoma. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Caddo Nation of Oklahoma added 11 new photos to the album: 2021 Candidates for Caddo Nation Council. In October 2013, Smith and his supporters broke into the Caddo Nation headquarters. The deadline to submit information for the May edition is noon May 15. The tribe had known the Half Moon peyote ceremony, but Wilson introduced the Big Moon ceremony to them. "A first consideration is the fact that blanket per capita, 'no strings' payments that cannot be linked directly to the burdens of the pandemic may not be lawful under ARPA. [14] A cycle of ceremonies developed around important periods of seasonal corn cultivation. Before the middle of the nineteenth century the term Caddo denoted only one of at least twenty-five distinct but closely affiliated groups centered around the Red River in Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Oklahoma. In the early 19th century, Caddo people were forced to a reservation in Texas; they were removed to Indian Territory in 1859. She is the fourth elected female leader of the Caddo Nation. By 800 CE, this society had begun to coalesce into the Caddoan Mississippian culture. This historic event has been marked by the modern town with a monument. In August 2013, a group led by Philip Smith attempted to recall Brenda Shemayme Edwards, the chairman of the Tribal Council. The term derives from the French abbreviation of Kadohadacho, a word meaning "real chief . In a statement issued through the tribe's attorney, Caddo Nation Chairman Tamara Francis- Williams was an enthusiastic Turkey Dance partner. Due to the Caddo's neutrality and their importance as a source of information for the Louisiana Territory government, the US forces left them alone. In July 2016, Tamara M. Francis was re-elected as the Chairman of the Caddo Nation. Caddo religion focuses on Kadhi hyuh, translating to "Lord Above" or "Lord of the Sky." Without their ongoing hard work and dedication, it wouldve been impossible to keep tribal operations running. The council consists of: The tribe has several programs to invigorate Caddo culture. As people and accompanying animals emerged, the wolf looked back. Any tribal lands remaining after such allotments were to be declared "surplus" and sold, including to non-Native Americans. These tools were seen with such importance that men and women were buried with the items that they had made. Phil Cross , Caddo elder, former chairman of the Caddo Culture Club and expert in all things Caddo. As the Caddo peoples had no acquired immunity to such new diseases, they suffered epidemics with high fatalities that decimated the tribal populations. Video update from Caddo Nation Chairman, Bobby Gonzalez, on improvements at the Caddo Convenience Store in Binger, OK, employment and path to economic development. By 800 CE, this society had begun to coalesce into the Caddoan Mississippian culture. As complex religious and social ideas developed, some people and family lineages gained prominence over others. Dec 1990 - Present32 years 5 months. Caddo Nation has acquired McKees Indian Store and the Susan Peters Gallery in Anadarko, Oklahoma. See blog post for full story and photos. These stations attracted more French and other European settlers. Phil provided Caddo stories . The purpose of this organization shall be: Section 1. Click below to see available positions at Caddo Nation. Frederick Webb Hodge, in his Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, gave a more complete history of the Caddo Nation, with estimations of the population of the tribe at various time periods. Most of the Caddo historically lived in the Piney Woods ecoregion of the United States, divided among the state regions of East Texas, southern Arkansas, western Louisiana, and southeastern Oklahoma. Caddo Tribal Council shall be a representative body composed of Chairman. Washington, DC 20005 Tel: 202.63.2.7003 Fax: . They lived there until they received threats from an anti-Indian group, which forced them to flee to east-central Oklahoma. When they first encountered Europeans and Africans, the Caddo tribes organized themselves in three confederacies: the Natchitoches, Hasinai, and Kadohadacho. The Caddo are thought to be an extension of Woodland period peoples, the Fourche Maline and Mossy Grove cultures, whose members were living in the area of Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas areas between 200 BCE and 800 CE. BOBBY GONZALEZ (Caddo), CNEDA Chairman ZACKEREE KELIN (Cadd0), CNEDA Vice-Chairman DAVID BOGLE (Cherokee) OPERATIONS TEAM DON KELIN (Caddo), Business Advisor Paula Anderson (Caddo/Kiowa), Administrator Meet CNEDA ZACKEREE S. KELIN (CADDO) Zackeree S. Kelin is the founding partner of Davis Kelin Law Firm LLC Contact Us His wife carried corn and pumpkin seeds. Fort Cobb Representative: Maureen Owings. The goods, horses and money they were promised were never delivered. U.S. District Court = Caddo Nation of Oklahoma and Brenda Edwards v. Court of Indian Offenses, Case No. Additional References to the History of the Tribe and/or Bands, Indian Entities Recognized and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs, Federal Register, Vol. It quickly became one of Indian Affairs' most requested documents, and is now used by federal, state and local governments, news media, businesses, researchers, and the general public as a resource to help them connect with Indian Country. At that time, the US federal government forced the Hasinai and the Kadohadacho, as well as remnants of allied Delaware (Lenape) and Yowani to relocate onto the Brazos Reservation. Touch device . She was the fourth elected female leader of the Caddo Nation. An old Caddo man carried with him a drum, a pipe, and fire, all of which have continued to be important religious items to the people. CADDO . It also operates an administrative center, dance grounds, several community centers, the Caddo Nation Heritage Museum, and an active NAGPRA office, located south of Binger. After some period, the adverse effects of these changes were recognized. Read More Leslie Halfmoon: lhalfmoon@mycaddonation.com. They hunted and gathered wild plants, as well. Land-hungry migrants pressed from the east. While the women of the tribe still wore jewelry and styled their hair similarly to men, most female were interested in the art of tattooing the body. DECOMMISSIONING ACTIVITIES FOR THE FORMER CIMARRON FUEL FABRICATION FACILITY (DOCKET NUMBER: 70-0925) Dear Chairman Francis-Fourkiller: The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) received, by letter dated November 5, 2018, a Under Kelin's leadership, CADDO has expanded to become the largest 100 percent . [20], The Caddo also decorated their bodies. The artistic skills and earthwork mound-building of the Caddoan Mississippians flourished during the 12th and 13th centuries. Early priests drank a purifying sacrament made of wild olive leaves. Tribal enrollment is open to individuals with a documented minimum of 1/16 degree Caddo blood quantum. Caddo Nation, 201. Ancestor Mary Inkanish documented her experience of being removed from Shreveport in a 1927 interview. Advisory Committee. In previous years the Caddo had built alliances with Spain and France by participating in the French fur trade and exchanging guns, horses and other items. The Caddo Nation of Oklahoma was previously known as the Caddo Tribe of Oklahoma. Sometimes, severe disagreements have developed among factions of the tribe that have not been resolved in elections. Some experiences are hard to shake when all seems lost. Were always going to be here. His wife carried corn and pumpkin seeds. In 1835, a treaty was signed by then-United States commissioner Jehiel Brooks and the chiefs, head men and warriors of the Caddo Nation of Indians. [21] De Soto's force had a violent clash with one band of Caddo Indians, the Tula people, near present-day Caddo Gap, Arkansas. See blog for more info. This faction conducted a new election, but the victor stepped down, and Edwards refused to leave office. Box 908 Lawton . To respond to the public health emergency with respect to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) or its negative economic impacts, including assistance to households, small businesses, and nonprofits, or aid to impacted industries such as tourism, travel and hospitality; to respond to workers performing essential work during the COVID-19 public health emergency by providing premium pay to eligible workers of that State, territory, or Tribal government that are performing such essential work or by providing grants to eligible employers that have eligible workers who perform essential work; for the provision of government services to the extent of the reduction in revenue of such State, territory, or Tribal governments due to the COVID-19 public health emergency relative to revenues collected in the most recent full fiscal year of the State, territory, or Tribal government prior to the emergency; or, to make necessary investments in water, sewer, or broadband infrastructure. The Council consists of Chairman Francis, Vice Chairman Carol D. Ross, Acting Secretary Philip Martin, Treasurer Marilyn McDonald, Oklahoma City Representative Jennifer Wilson, Binger Representative Marilyn Threlkeld, Fort Cobb Representative Maureen Owings. Caddo people primarily settled near the Caddo River. The Spiro Mounds, near the Arkansas River in present-day southeastern Oklahoma, were some of the most elaborate mounds in the United States. A cycle of ceremonies developed around important periods of corn cultivation. But following Congressional passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 under President Andrew Jackson, the federal government embarked on a program of removal of tribes from the Southeast in order to enable European-American settlement. [9] The Wichita and Pawnee are also related to the Caddo, since both tribes historically spoke Caddoan languages. Box 729, Anadarko, OK 73005, by fax at (405) 247-2430 or by email at myles.stephenson@wichitatribe.com by Friday, April 21, 2023. The Court of Indian Offenses, which had been overseeing issues for a year because of the internal conflict, in October 2014 ordered a new election for all positions. I serve on the Southwest Indian Health Board representing the Caddo Nation Planning a new Veterans wall for our tribal veterans Supportive and active with the MMIW and Indian Boarding Schools Initiative I am a great-great- granddaughter of Chief Whitebread; great granddaughter to Ralph and Ellen Murrow; granddaughter of Kenneth and Melva Jean Beaver Smith and daughter of Marion Bunky Beaver-Howell. In the January 2015 elections, all the top tribal positions were won by women: Tamara Michele Francis as chair, Carol D. Ross as vice chair, Jennifer Reeder as secretary, and Wildena G. Moffer as treasurer. Prolec GE USA Expands Caddo Parish, Louisiana, Electrical Transformer Manufacturing Facility 04/27/2023 Atlas Roofing Corporation Plans Clinton, Iowa, Shingle Manufacturing Plant . The Caddo group was led by Choctaw Tom who was a Yowani Choctaw married to a Hasinai woman, who was killed in this fight along with twenty-seven other Indians. The applicants may be tribal or non-tribal. The tribal constitution provides for election of an eight-person council, with a chairperson. Many of them believe that it contains trophies of war . Anyone that tried to stay probably got killed.. A large part of my position as the Director was not just overseeing staff and projects/programs, but also grant writing. While these Representatives are elected to represent their individual constituencies, they play an important part in making decisions for the entire tribe. The powerful Iroquois took control of hunting grounds in the area. A successful Oklahoma is good for Cherokee Nation, and vice versa. Principal Chief Chuck Hoskin Jr. The tribes have always felt that the state of Oklahoma is just as relevant and precious to the tribes as it is to any elected official, because we were not coming and going. At that time, the federal government forced the relocation of both the Hasinai and the Kadohadacho as well as remnants of allied Delaware (Lenape) and Yowani onto the Brazos Reservation. When the United States purchased the Louisiana Territory from France, the Caddo were forced out of their original lands on the lower Red River. (LockA locked padlock) During the 20th century, Caddo leaders such as Melford Williams, Harry Guy, Hubert Halfmoon, and Vernon Hunter have helped shape the tribe. In a special election on June 29, 2002, the tribe adopted six amendments to the constitution. Tobacco was also cultivated, and was and is used ceremonially. Her mother, Mary Pat Francis, was the first elected female chairman of the Caddo. No. My goal is to find out what has happened to our programs, bring them back to the tribe, and work together to lift ourselves back up. In 1836, the Anglo-Americans declared independence from Mexico and established the Republic of Texas, an independent nation. The exit from the underground closed to the remaining people and animals. Chairman of the Caddo Nation. Congress passed the Dawes Act to promote assimilation of tribes in Indian Territory and to extinguish Indian land claims to enable admission of the territory as a state. The Caddo people comprise the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma, a federally recognized tribe headquartered in Binger, Oklahoma. Disclaimer: The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) first developed the Tribal Leaders Directory as an internal reference document for its employees. [29], Sometimes, severe disagreements have developed among factions of the tribe that have not been resolved in elections. In early times, the people were led by priests, including a head priest, the xinesi, who could commune with spirits residing near Caddo temples. Learn who we are and how we can help our members wherever they may live. . Email reporter Molly Young to add your tribal nation's perspective to this article. Chairman Gonzalez provided his update. But, I also recognize that respect is a two-way street. All rights reserved. In July 2016, Tamara M. Francis was re-elected as the Chairman of the Caddo Nation. It sponsors a summer culture camp for children. While understandably politically attractive, Indian Country can point to case after case in which financial settlements or payouts have been distributed, dissipated, and thus lost to the larger goals of community revitalization." Pressures increased on the Brazos Reservation Indians to remove north, culminating in a violent attack on December 26, 1858 on a Caddo encampment just off the reservation. CIV-14-281-D) THE COURT OF INDIAN OFFENSES FOR ) THE ANADARKO AGENCY, )) Defendant. ) The link on the year (Year of the Treaty) connects to an online copy of the treaty. The Caddo Archaeology Research Fund (CARF) board will serve as an advisory board for the CARF that will be administered by the Jamie C. Brandon Center for Archaeological Research (JCB Center) at the University of Central Arkansas (UCA). In 1859, many of the Caddo were relocated again to Indian Territory north of Texas, in present-day Oklahoma. John Wilson, a Caddo/Delaware medicine man who spoke only Caddo, was an influential Ghost Dance leader. Watch. What would become one of the most sought-after lands, the Red River Valley, was inhabited by Caddo people about 2,500 years ago. Shortly after completion of renovating the Anadarko Clinic, I applied and was selected as the Clinic Director over the El Reno and Watonga Indian Health Centers, serving numerous times as the CEO of the Clinton Service Unit. Kevin Stitt started his second term by calling tribal leaders to invite them to his inauguration. The Caddoan Mississippian people were the direct ancestors of the historic Caddo people and related Caddo-language speakers, such as the Pawnee and Wichita, who encountered the first Europeans, as well as of the modern Caddo Nation of Oklahoma. A faction supporting Vice-Chairman Phillip Smith, on behalf of the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma, filed suit on March 13, 2014, in the Court of Indian Offenses for the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma, Anadarko, Oklahoma. empowered to act on those matters outlined in Article . May, 13, 1833, referred to in Quapaw Treaty. Their leader, named Moon, instructed the people not to look back. [12], Archeological evidence has confirmed that the cultural continuity is unbroken from prehistory to the present among these peoples. For other uses, see Caddo (disambiguation).. Caddo; Total population; approximately 6,300: Regions with significant populations [18][19], The men used handcrafted bows and arrows to hunt animals such as wild turkey, quail, rabbits, bears, and bison during winter months. Sign Up; Log In; Messenger; Facebook Lite; Watch; Places; Games; Marketplace; Facebook Pay; Oculus; Portal . Chairman Tamara Francis is the daughter of the first elected female chairman, Mary Pat Francis. Explore. They adopted a written constitution and a process of electing officials. You cannot effectively advocate for your constituency by standing on the sidelines. They speak the Caddo language. Francis said only 150 to 200 tribal members made it to Oklahoma. Due to the Caddo's neutrality and their importance as a source of information for the Louisiana Territory government, they were left alone. In the latter two towns, early explorers and settlers kept the original Caddo names of the villages. Fford, Cressida, Jane Hubert, and Paul Turnbull. I truly appreciate the important conversations and feedback thats been received by my office. The Caddo and other Native American peoples suffered greatly from the disruption of their traditional cultures, and lost much of their lands in the decades after allotment. [5] The Hasinai Society[6] and Caddo Culture Club[7] both teach and perform Caddo songs and dances to keep the culture alive and pass it on to the next generations. V. ARTICLE II - PURPOSE . In the 1830s, the federal government embarked on a program of Indian removal of tribes from the Southeast in order to enable European-American settlement, as new migrants pressed from the east. Caddo people primarily settled near the Caddo River. They were descendants of the Caddoan Mississippian culture that constructed huge earthwork mounds at several sites in this territory. K@y&c+Mn|$,7x=2p"g! O8 c>'{ The Caddo tribe remains very active in the Native American Church today. powers and <> Louisiana Caddo moved southwest to join other tribal members in Texas. Contact: The Comanche Nation News P.O. Chairman Bobby Gonzalez, Caddo Nation Chairman From the Chairman Good to Know News, Events, Announcements News, Events, Announcements News, Events, Announcements Click below to visit Community News for the latest news, events and announcements. They were followed by fur traders from French outposts along the Gulf Coast. In July 2016, Tamara M. Francis was re-elected as the Chairman of the Caddo Nation. Video update from Caddo Nation Chairman, Bobby Gonzalez, on improvements at the Caddo Convenience Store in Binger, OK, employment and path to economic development. I would like to recognize our staff who have taken on additional responsibilities in order to support and meet the needs of our tribal members during this time. In 1976, they drafted a new constitution, which continues elected representative government. Her daughter, Tamara Michele Francis, was elected in 2015, following a time of high divisions. Besides the tools for searching for animals, most tools and items were made by women. The Caddo Nation is a confederacy of several Native American tribes who historically inhabited much of what is now East Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Oklahoma. Acorns and roots were gathered and processed to provide food other than meat in the cold seasons when crops did not grow. The Caddo peoples moved west along the Red River, which they called Bah'hatteno in Caddo. /+%L~UC9t86(X $( 8P s4YL8t@'}g2 [2] Prior to European contact, they were the Caddoan Mississippian culture, who constructed huge earthwork mounds at several sites in this territory, flourishing about 800 to 1400 CE. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. After the 1803 Louisiana Purchase, by which the United States took over the former French colonial territory west of the Mississippi River, the US government sought to ally with the Caddo peoples. Read More Contact Bobby Gonzalez's Phone Number and Email Last Update 3/13/2023 5:12 AM Email b***@transcanada.com Engage via Email Contact Number (***) ***-**** Engage via Phone Mobile Number (***) ***-**** Engage via Mobile Whether its rent assistance, paying for school supplies or issues at home, Francis wants to help. They hunted and gathered wild plants, as well. As complex religious and social ideas developed, some people and family lineages gained prominence over others. Francis said years of forced assimilation in boarding schools heavily affected the Caddo. Kate Crowley . (Chairman Francis is the daughter of the first elected female Chairman, Mary Pat Francis. 134, 12 July 2002, Indian Reservations A State and Federal Handbook. These wood and clay tools were carved and molded to help with daily jobs like cooking the meals for the tribe. U.S. Department of the Interior. I started and completed a renovation of the old facility I had been going to since I was a child. [9], By 1000 CE, a society that is defined by archaeologists as "Caddoan" had emerged.