spiral cleavage and radial cleavage. 2004; Leonard et al. At low levels the wind pattern is ____________. J Volcanol Geoth Res 286:331347, Jolly GE, Keys HJR, Procter JN, Deligne NI (2014b) Overview of the co-ordinated risk-based approach to science and management response and recovery for the 2012 eruptions of Tongariro volcano, New Zealand. 2010; Houghton et al. The Shinano Mainichi Shimbun Press, Nagano (in Japanese), Siegrist M, Cvetkovich G (2000) Perception of hazards: the role of social trust and knowledge. (2014b) became an important tool for making decisions about reopening. 3) depicting the general hazard for all active vent(s) (Neal et al. This meant no warning was able to be issued to the people on the summit and no closure of the summit prior to the event occurred. Bombs. Accessed Mar 2015, GNS Science (2012) Te Maari Eruption Phenomena. greater than 10 cm depth, (3) producing suspensions of fine-grained deposits leads to increased runoff, accelerated erosion, stream-channel Multiple zones of different impact intensity may be shown (e.g. 2010). should be on the Decade Volcano list. The densest zone (A) encompasses areas with impact densities >10 impacts per 55m, decreasing in density with distance from the vent to Zone C which has between 0 and 2 impacts per 55m. We identify from review of literature and analysis of the four case study volcanoes (Table2) that understanding the risk context is highly important for effective communication associated with ballistic hazard and risk. are a special kind of tephra. During the crisis, hazard maps are typically updated and hazard and risk assessments modified. 2014). It is important that stakeholders know the limitations of the information presented to them and/or informing decisions which affect them. t0=gh4d. Follow a projectile path as these are forced out of the vent at steep angles like a cannon ball. Environ Hazards 3:93109, Smithsonian Institution (2013) Ontakesan bulletin reports, Global Volcanism Program. Even thin (<2 cm) On May 18, 1980,Mount St. Helenssent an enormous column of volcanicashand gas more than 80,000 feet into the air in less than 15 minutes. Similarly to other volcanoes, these VALs range from 1 to 5 and include whether the alert level is a warning or forecast, the target area (e.g. Its deposits are derived from Plinian eruptions like the type which occured in 1991 eruption of Pinatubo. The map was released to the public alongside a Volcanic Alert Bulletin describing the changes made to the map and the source of the data (Volcanic Alert Bulletin TON-2012/23). Ballistics are fragments of lava (bombs) or rock (blocks) ejected in explosive eruptions (Fig. Wind direction. Tephra falls. 2014). What happens to the state of liquid water if enough heat is added? BALLISTIC PROJECTILES BALLISTIC PROJECTILES. In October 2013 electronic warning signs were installed that informed hikers of the status of the volcanoa red flashing light meant danger-turn back, orange elevated risk and green normal volcanic activity (Jolly et al. Volcanoes in a state of quiescence allow for (and call for) more in-depth, preferably probabilistic, assessment to be completed, ideally following the steps outlined earlier. http://www.city.kagoshima.lg.jp/soumu/shichoshitu/kokusai/en/emergency/documents/sakurazimahm_eng.pdf. But, billions of smaller and lighter pieces less than 2 mm diameter (less than one tenth of an inch . Accessed Nov 2014, Jenkins SF, Spence RJS, Fonseca JFBD, Solidum RU, Wilson TM (2014) Volcanic risk assessment: quantifying physical vulnerability in the built environment. Small ash particles penetrated even the mostly tightly sealed structures and disrupted businesses and services on farmlands and in communities. Fatalities from ballistics could occur at all of the case study volcanoes. Ballistic zone ranges will initially be based on historic event ranges, but will be updated to include the modelling being developed in New Zealand, once available. 2007). Hjfhs grk kakctko gs, eicgioksckit lgvg nrgdfkits wbecb wkrk skfe-fjltki wbki gerhjrik, tbus, eibkreteid strkgfleiko, gkrjoyigfec sbgpks. Ballistic communication methods used at volcanoes include hazard and risk assessments, hazard maps, volcano monitoring and research, real-time warning systems, volcanic alert levels; volcano warnings, alert bulletins and communication with agencies; response exercises, education materials, response plans, exclusion and evacuation zones, instructions and signage for what to do in the event of an eruption around the volcano, community engagement, educational materials, and land-use planning and infrastructure design. Pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) and lava flows are not included in a hazard zone but are mentioned as a possibility in all valleys. Ballistic projectiles Ballistic projectiles are rocks that an erupting volcano may hurl into the air. Numerous risk management and communication tools have since been adopted. Ballistics are usually represented by one hazard zone, often based on the maximum or expected travel distance of a ballistic clast. mitigation of tephra falls and ballistic projectiles - stay away from ballistic projectiles - design a strong shelter - covering windows. Users must be able to trust the source of the information being released as well as how and what is presented (Slovic 2000; Haynes et al. Accessed Dec 2014, Sorensen JH (2000) Hazard warning systems: review of 20years of progress. Disasters 20(1):4960, Calvari S, Spampinato L, Lodato L (2006) The 5 April 2003 vulcanian paroxysmal explosion at Stromboli volcano (Italy) from field observations and thermal data. Additionally, ballistics may be accompanied by a surge as seen in the 2014 Mt. Tongariro, New Zealand: 18462013. Real-time warning systems triggered by monitoring equipment, such as the EDS (Eruption Detection System) system installed on Mt. 2008, 2014). Many people and Initial assessments suggested that ballistics were the main hazard to life from the eruption, though detailed mapping was not able to be carried out until months later when risk levels had decreased (Fitzgerald et al. Accessed Mar 2015, Vanuatu Geohazards Observatory (2014) Vanuatu Monitoring Network (20122014). The termtephradefines all pieces of all fragments of rock ejected into the air by an erupting volcano. 2016). Many more people have been injured as a result of ballistic impacts, frequently suffering from blunt force trauma (broken bones), lacerations, burns, abrasions and bruising (Blong 1984; Baxter and Gresham 1997). Transparency builds trust and credibility. Interviews conducted post-eruption showed that many climbers were unaware of the volcanic activity notices released, while of those that were aware 76% did not consider that they needed to be prepared for an eruption (The Japan News 26/10/2014; Shinano Mainichi Shimbun 2015). Hljc`s grk lgrdk hrj`ki pekcks jr cbeps nrjf tbk, Ets okpjsets grk okrevko nrjf ]leiegi kruptejis le`k tbk typk wbecb jccurko ei, Ets okpjsets grk prjoucts jn Strjfhjlegi kruptejis jn hgsgltec tj gioksetec, Lgpelle-sezk nrgdfkits jn hgsgltec lgvg fgy cjjl quec`ly wbelk gerhjrik, tj njrf. In: Scarpa R, Tilling RI (eds) Monitoring and mitigation of volcanic hazards. This report (1) explains the various types of hazardous geologic phenomena that could occur at Mount Rainier, (2 . Bull Volcanol 46(4):333348, Swanson DA, Zolkos SP, Haravitch B (2012) Ballistic blocks around Klauea Caldera: Their vent locations and number of eruptions in the late 18th century. Disaster Prev Manag 8:118126, Johnston DM, Houghton BF, Neall VE, Ronan KR, Paton D (2000) Impacts of the 1945 and 19951996 Ruapehu eruptions, New Zealand: an example of increasing societal vulnerability. Many small communities became temporarily isolated, and more than 10,000 people became stranded on roadways because of poor visibility, slippery roads, and ashdamaged vehicles. Many people live in close proximity to the volcano (~4900 within 5km of the volcano) and millions visit the Kagoshima-Sakurajima area each year (3,702,000 in 2010; Japan Meteorological Agency 2013b), thus JMA and Kagoshima City released a volcanic hazard map with additional information in 2010. Those that sheltered in the buildings around the summit survived the 2014 eruption, while many of the fatalities occurred due to hikers choosing to take photos and video of the eruption outside instead of running to the nearest hut. The term tephra defines all pieces of all fragments of rock ejected into the air by an erupting volcano. The volcano tourism industry is also growing (Sigurdsson and Lopes-Gautier 1999; Erfurt-Cooper 2011), increasing the number of people exposed to ballistic hazard in proximal areas. Volcanic explosions can propel rock fragments onballistictrajectories that may differ from the wind direction. Work is ongoing to reduce this risk. In this example, eruption history and frequency of occurrence are used to define three eruption scenarios (High: VEI 23 (as they are more frequent), Intermediate: 4, and Low: 5 (though an eruption of this size would affect more people and impact a larger area, it has a much lower likelihood of occurring). Funding for this study was provided by DeVoRA (Determining Volcanic Risk in Auckland) and a New Zealand Earthquake Commission (EQC) Biennial Grant (16/727). Ontake is constantly monitored by the JMA, with seismometers, GPS stations, tiltmeters, cameras and infrasonic microphones (Japan Meteorological Agency 2013a). A classical atom that has an electron orbiting at frequency fff would emit electromagnetic waves of frequency fff because the electron's orbit, seen edge-on, looks like an oscillating electric dipole. In this scenario volcanic alert levels and bulletins may not be released prior to eruption. Pumice ; An updated risk management framework has been developed from 2012 to 2016 including updated bulletins and VALs, background and safety (crisis) hazard maps, and tourist information including education and safety map information. 2004; Haynes et al. However, quiescent volcanoes may not be the primary target for in-depth assessment. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. When it has settled on and near the ground, volcanic ash threatens the health of people and livestock, damages electronics and machinery, and interrupts power generation, water and transportation systems, and telecommunications. The 1979 eruption was preceded by earthquake swarms for a year and five months. Additionally, the map was posted at either ends of the track and where it crossed the boundaries of the AVHZ. An official website of the United States government. Potential hazards posed by U.S. volcanoes include tephra falls, pyroclastic flows and surges, VOG, ballistic projectiles, lahar and lava flows. Natural Disaster Research Report 16, 41p, Odbert H, Hincks T, Aspinall W (2015) Combining volcano monitoring timeseries analysis with Bayesian Belief Networks to update hazard forecast estimates. 1999, 2000; Paton et al. J Volcanol Geoth Res 172(34):179188, Pistolesi M, Rosi M, Pioli L, Renzulli A, Bertagnini A, Andronico D (2008) The paroxysmal event and its deposits. All end-user maps should successfully balance adequate detail and maximum clarity. (2015) have been developing updateable hazard forecast estimates using Bayesian belief networks, which may help to improve rapid hazard assessments in times of crisis. 2014b). . The Communication and Risk Management of Volcanic Ballistic Hazards. 2014; Fitzgerald et al. For each pair of terms, explain how the meanings of the terms differ. In collaboration with researchers from the USGS Volcano Hazards Program, the Hazards Vulnerability Team worked on better understanding and communicating. Tephra Falls and Ballistic Projectiles - refers to volcanic rock and lava materials that are ejected into the air by explosions or carried upward by the eruption column's hot gases or lava fountains. Ballistic projectiles are one potentially lethal and damaging hazard produced in volcanic eruptions. Recommended strategies would include at least the following: Hazard and risk assessments (ideally probabilistic) specific to the volcano in question, which include ballistics where appropriate, that are made available to emergency managers and decision makers with authors/scientists available to answer questions and advise where necessary and practical; The inclusion of ballistic hazard zones in hazard maps with accompanying advice on what to do. In the case of ballistics, limits or restrictions on access or development are usually achieved via creation of an exclusion zone, typically 14km in radius (Kagoshima City 2010; Jolly et al. When activity changes, alert levels are posted on the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) website for the public to view. 2016). This map was distributed to local citizens and posted around the volcano. TheVolcanic Ash webpagesare intended to help people prepare and recover from volcanic ashfall. 2008; The Japan News, 27/10/2014). Hljc`s gio hjfhs grk ijrfglly sbjt hgllestecglly nrjf tbk vjlcgij. 2014; Pardo et al. Communication of ballistic hazards and risk management vary at frequently erupting volcanoes that commonly enter in and out of crisis, such as Sakurajima in Japan. What would anexplosive eruptionfrom Mount St. Helens look like today? Rapp. The accompanying text to the crisis hazard map was also updated, with a ballistic specific instruction to seek immediate shelter from flying rocks if an explosion occurs (GNS Science 2012). In collaboration with researchers from the USGS Volcano Hazards Program, the Hazards Vulnerability Team worked on better understanding and communicating. 2014a). Ash can smother vegetation, destroy moving parts in motors and engines (especially in aircraft), and scratch surfaces. In addition to the strategies mentioned in this chapter, further work is needed to test and update the advice provided to visitors on the actions to take in a ballistic eruption, in particular personal protective measures. 1a, b). Personal safety measures taken by exposed hikers saved lives. For example, where frequent Strombolian eruptions are the main source of ballistics, it may be possible to watch the low velocity ballistics and move out of their path. To learn more aboutashandtephra, visit theVolcano Hazards Program tephra webpage. 2008). 2008; Alatorre-Ibargengoitia et al. Hgllestec prjakctelks grk rjc`s tbgt gi krupteid vjlcgij fgy. surges. J Appl Volcanol 3:10, Yamagishi H, Feebrey C (1994) Ballistic ejecta from the 19881989 andesitic Vulcanian eruptions of Tokachidake volcano, Japan: morphological features and genesis. J Volcanol Geoth Res 172(34):199215, Leonard GS, Stewart C, Wilson TM, Procter JN, Scott BJ, Keys HJ, Jolly GE, Wardman JB, Cronin SJ, McBride SK (2014) Integrating multidisciplinary science, modelling and impact data into evolving, syn-event volcanic hazard mapping and communication: a case study from the 2012 Tongariro eruption crisis, New Zealand. JMA subsequently launched a website to provide climbers with its observations of the volcanic activity around Japan, in an attempt to improve communication to climbers. A hazard map is displayed at the carpark before the ascent up the cone, highlighting the 1999 lava bomb impact zone and the observation location for each volcanic alert levelas the alert level increases so does the distance of the observation position from the cone (i.e.