Maas, A., Clark, R. D. and Haberkorn, G. (1982). 14. ed. ^Search was performed using the following key words: minority influence, defiance, deviance, innovation, social influence and change/effect/impact. M. Mikulincer and P. R. Shafer, (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association), 507533. A minority opinion is also termed dissenting There was a gradual realization that the Anglo-Protestant orientation of whiteness was unlikely to sustain a dominant majority indefinitely. Psychol. A. Simpson and D. T. Kendrick (Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum), 307343. Int. eds. Hardin, C. D., and Higgins, E. T. (1996). Minority influence in political decision-making, in Group Consensus and Minority Influence: Implications for Innovation. Soc. But by the time Americas initial majority minority milestone would have been reached, whiteness had been reinterpreted to incorporate the Irish, Italians, Jews and Slavs, such that the milestone was effectively postponed. The reasons for a paucity of longitudinal studies are many. How ingratiation techniques are used to persuade people. Integration or acceptance presumes integration with others into the same category, not giving in to others to join their category (Brewer, 1991). Yet, the informational strategy could be used differently to emphasize common group identity (social acceptance) or quid pro quo (social control) by acceptance-motivated and control-motivated minorities, respectively. After the arrival of millions of Irish, the 15th Amendment enfranchised millions of African American men in 1870. This unidirectional conceptualization postulated influence as flowing exclusively from a majority to a minority. Soc. The resultant increase, however mild, in positive reactions among minorities and continuing positive reactions among majorities should render the group changed via tolerance stronger than its counterpart changed via conversion (Hypothesis 3, see Agenda item 3). doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.88.5.438, Laughlin, P. R., and Ellis, A. L. (1986). Wood, W., Lundgren, S., Ouellette, J. Smith, C. M., Tindale, R. S., and Dugoni, B. L. (1996). The proposed agenda focuses on time, interactive (minority majority), and motivated influence as critical explanatory variables to address in the next phase of research on minority influence in the pursuit of social change. 5. As a counterbalance to research on the informational value of minority advocacy, several lines of research have emphasized the role of social identity and the resultant normative pressures in determining reactions to minority influence, which reactions expand beyond attitudinal shifts to include group-categorization (e.g., Abrams and Hogg, 1990; David and Turner, 2001) and self-categorization (e.g., Wood et al., 1996). In what follows, the importance of these factors is discussed and illustrated by a few initial explorations. eds. This path to social change alters positions within a group but preserves the notion of a dominant position within the group. Does brainwashing really exist and how has it been used? What began as a minority view becomes a majority view as morepeople adopt it. doi: 10.1111/sipr.12072. Measure your stress levels with this 5-minute stress test. Newcomers as change agents: Minority influence in task groups, in Minority Influence and Innovation: Antecedents, Processes and Consequences. Conversion vs. tolerance: minority-focused influence strategies can affect group loyalty. May they be as broad and inclusive as possible. For instance, a politician who alters his or her stance on an issue may be less effective in convincing the electorate than a candidate who expresses just one view consistently. eds. Worse, we now talk about cross-racial fertility rates Darwinistically, as if the census were monitoring a population of elephant seals in competition for a rookery. (2001). Their influence raises important questions about the conditions under which minorities will (non) seek social change. The newly established more inclusive group standard encompasses both minorities and majorities as constitutive elements of the group, representing a gain for the former at no cost for the latter. The social impact of majorities and minorities. The author confirms being the sole contributor of this work and has approved it for publication. In contrast, and in support of hypothesis 3, change via increased tolerance for diversity within a group dramatically increased attachment and loyalty to the group among those former in the minority (minority majority) while preserving attachment and loyalty to the group among those former in the majority (majority minority) (Prislin and Filson, 2009; Shafer and Prislin, 2011) In short, recognizing that minority influence originates from a variety of motives expands the scope of influence strategies and types of social changes to be considered. Over time, as members evaluate a minority view, they may internalize it - adopting it as their own opinion through a process known as conversion. G. Barnett and F. F. Boster, (Ablex), 4374. The longer the new majority spent secure in its new position, the more similar they perceived themselves to the group and the more attractive they found the group. J. Soc. c. public compliance. Bull. Nemeth, C. J. The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. This means that she is most likely to comply with which of the following requests? This is not to say that any single influence strategy is associated with any particular single motive; however, the same strategy may be employed differently in service of different motives. Refining the agenda as further theoretical developments and empirical findings outline should be relatively easy. Variables which affect the efficacy of minority influence include: Moscovici found that members of a group are more likely to accept the opinion of a minority if the view is expressed with consistency. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. *Correspondence: Radmila Prislin, rprislin@sdsu.edu, New Advances in Social Influence: Theoretical Insights and Methodological Challenges, View all So, it was not so equally balanced as it was again in Punjab and Bengal. Social influence can occur when a minority (small group) changes the attitudes, beliefs and behaviours of a majority; this is known as minority influence. Pers. Although these actions may include members of both minority groups who are typically disadvantaged and members of majority groups who are typically advantaged, it is almost invariably the former who initiate social actions. Butera, F., Falomir-Pichastor, J. M., Mugny, G., and Quimzdale, A. Espousing a behavioral style characterized by temporal consistency, internal consensus, and autonomy and investment in their position, even at the price of reprisals, minorities present a force to be reconed with. Changing majority and minority positions within a group vs. an aggregate. The innovative theorizing about active minorities and their effect on the world revitalized research on social influence. Soc. As an illustration of the epistemic value of the time perspective approach to understanding the consequences of successful minority influence, and a test of the above-mentioned Hypothesis 1, consider a longitudinal study that examined reactions of a minority faction within a group who successfully converted a sufficient number of majority members to its position to effectively turn themselves into a new majority and ipso facto, the former majority into a new minority (Prislin and Christensen, 2005b, Study 2). 74, 14371450. To what extent are people controlled by their roles in society? Likely responding to the disciplinary cognitive Zeitgeist, Moscovici himself replaced his initial rich theorizing about the social underpinnings of minority influence in a pursuit of social change with a theorizing that emphasized cognitive factors. Minority influence research was sparked by Moscovicis observation about the power of active minorities to instigate social change. Two lines of research: One on group decision-making, and another on the impact that newcomers to groups make, provide alternative approaches to the study of minority influence.4 Within these lines of research, minority influence is addressed in the context of interacting groups, with minority and majority positions publicly advocated and hence, memberships in minority and majority factions actively experienced. Psychol. Yet, most studies on social influence, including minority influence, are one-time affairs that examine the effects of single appeals or single group encounters at a discrete point in time. WebMAJORITY If the minority can get a few people to defect to their side, then this will often create a snowball effect in which more and more people will change their opinion. Consensual Action by Small Groups. Struggle to keep conversations alive? This change in private opinion prompts a shift in behavior, and a member may promote his or her newly-acquiredview to other members of the group. On being influenced while trying to persuade: The feedback effect of persuasion outcomes to the persuader. They consider the argument based on its merits, rather than to complywith group norms. Mugny, G., and Prez, J. Over time, however, successful minoritys initial tepid reactions should increase in positivity if their newly won majority position stabilizes within the group (Hypothesis 1, see below Agenda item 1). eds. embracing the attitudes of thecrowd), it does not always result in conversion - a change in a persons unexpressed, private views. Web-pooled knowledge -diverse perspectives -others can challenge us to think deeper and more creatively group decision making (disadvantages) -individuals have group goals besides This poses an additional challenge to applying many insights from the prevailing literature on a minority impact toward a social-psychological understanding of social change. Minorities have been pigeonholed, pathologized, stigmatized, and dismissed in a countless way (Moscovici, 1994, p. 239). This might, over time, lead the employees to reconsider their reluctance to change, leading to the majority overcoming a groupthink mentality and gradually changing its opinion. Echterhoff, G., and Higgins, T. E. (2017). There is no frontier anymore, but the grind of modern capitalism is just as stern a forge for fashioning American identity. Soc. Despite notable growth in the non-White eligible voter population, non-Hispanic White voters still made up the large majority (67%) of the U.S. electorate in Latan, B., and Wolf, S. (1981). As we are currently re-evaluating our standards of conduct in light of repeated replication failures, which some label a crisis, it may be an opportune time to re-evaluate the practice of taking publication productivity as a proxy for scientific contribution. (1990). And even if the Census Bureaus categories reinforce the racial boundaries that too often divide American society, these categories are also starting to show signs of their mutability. Within this context, evidence exists There is likely no better contemporary example of the power of minorities to instigate social change than a growing recognition of the urgent need for the humankind to address the cause and impacts of climate change. In spite of a remarkable scientific output, research on minority influence has not addressed its original question about social change. 2, 5158. J. Pers. Therefore, the minority is unable to exert a normative influence on other members. This private conversion may cautiously be communicated to others, thus, gradually becoming public. Psychol. This state of affairs is rather paradoxical given Moscovicis original theorizing and ultimately, most minorities goals. eds. she will become even more committed to Romeo. 88, 438453. The former two motives can be satisfied by recruiting converts to the minority position. Differential contributions of majority and minority influence. Arrow, M., McGrath, J. E., and Berdahl, J. I. 13. ed. M. B. Erb, H-P., and Bohner, G. (2001). Minority influence affects group members differently. Stoking fears of white decline reinforces the myth that this whiteness always included all who now identify with it as if the Irish had never been demonized, as if Italians had never endured discrimination, as if Jews had never been excluded. M. Mikulincer and P. R. Shaver (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association), 334. It has been addressed by restricting a number of factors that presumably shape the dynamics of social influence and employing mathematical simulations to test proposed models. (1996). J. Pers. (1983). Research on minority influence, which revitalized the field of social influence, is in need of revitalization itself. At what point in time does it become public and sufficiently substantial to change social relations and social structure within a group? This socio-cognitive conflict may be resolved over time such that some majority members privately adopt the minority position. Chen, X., and Kruglanski, A. W. (2009). ^Examples of minority-instigated social changes, and the literature as a whole, tend to romanticize minority influence (Hewstone and Martin, 2010). E. H. Witte and J. H. Davis (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum), 191210. WebPeople who hold a minority view tend to change the majority opinion through a. normative social influence. Whereas these two motives for exerting social influence fit the classical dual-motive scheme for responding to social influence (Deutsch and Gerard, 1955), the third, social control motive has been largely neglected in the social influence literature. Despite his susceptibility to Psychol. Minority influence, in Encyclopedia of Group Processes and Intergroup Relations. Klandermans, B. Instead, it Moreover, a disciplinary general focus on the individual level of analysis made social change a challenging object of inquiry. eds. 68, 520. The effects of differential ascribed category membership and norms of minority influence. Procedural mechanisms and jury behavior, in Applied Social Psychology. At what point in time do their efforts begin to effect the presumed private change? Intergroup Relat. Latan, B., and Nowak, A. 83, 10951102. Crano, W. D., and Chen, X. Minoritys success at effecting social change and ipso facto, majoritys failure to prevent it, should influence not only their reactions toward the group but also their capacity to further argue their positions. eds. Psychol. His book with a telling title Social influence and social change (Moscovici, 1976) emphasized the role minorities have historically played in instigating political, scientific, religious, and artistic change. Psychol. 32, 459479. In the beginning, there was a minority. Vol. Charlan Nemeth, a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, argues a further difference between minority and majority influence. 37, 725746. In what appeared a vicious circle of influence failures, these sources became decreasingly convincing in their advocacy with increasingly negative feedback they received. Whereas numerous other factors may be proposed, they likely covary with the included factors of time, competitive influence dynamics, and motivation. More recently, social change has been examined as a function of two factors: Indirect minority influence, defined as attitudinal change on culturally relevant issues different from but related to the focal issue of minority advocacy, and cultural drift, defined as mistakes in copying culturally relevant attributes due to small errors in the learning and memory processes. Eur. Creative problem-solving as a result of majority vs. minority influence. 35, 179199. A study of normative and informational influences upon individual judgment, J. Abnorm. Brewer and M. Hewstone (Oxford, UK: Blackwell), 136164. Selection criteria included: participants exposure to a minority dissent with or without an appeal or reasoning for the dissent, which dissent placed the minority at odds with the participants, and report of a measure of influence. Nemeth, C. J. and Wachtler, J. WebJenna_Cuthbertson Terms in this set (10) Minorities influence majority opinion primarily through informational social influence. Itslike in the Milgramstudies in which people were less Studies done in this tradition have generated valuable insights into the nature and outcomes of minority influence, specifying conditions under which a minority exerts influence and the processing underlying such influence. The truth is, just as populations in the United States ebb and flow, the salience of racial and ethnic identities emerges and disappears. What does Milgram's obedience study tell us about why online communication can become increasingly harmful? eds. 28, 640647. Am. How have norm-based approaches been used to curb binge drinking on college campuses? 5 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, Minorities Effect Social Change Over Time, Winning a Competition in Influence Exerted for Various Reasons, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.911654, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States. Change via conversion tends to weaken a group, at least immediately in its aftermath, as evident in former majoritys (majority minority) dramatic decrease in group attachment and loyalty but former minoritys (minority majority) only mild increase in attachment and loyalty to the group. d. guilt and shame. Demonstrability and social combination processes on mathematical intellective tasks. They may even besuspicious of a new manager who suggests that they update their manufacturing methods. Influence and its aftermath: Motives for agreement among minorities and majorities, in Coping with Minority Status: Responses to Exclusion and Inclusion. Soc. Differential Contributions of Majority and Minority Influence. However, if a minority is thought to be acting selflessly and in the interests of the majority of the group, other members are more likely to consider and be influenced by the opinions it expresses. 53, 4152. Psychol. Turning, or rather, returning to the original observation that the raison dtre for minority influence is social change points to a promising direction. Leading figures within the movement, such as Emmeline Pankhurst, founded the Womens Social and Political Union (WSPU) to change the majority-held views onthe role of women in society. a request to donate to a charitable organization. doi: 10.1080/14792779108401862. J. Soc. Moscovici broke the spell, pointing out that the conceptualization runs afoul of a self-evident truth about the ever-changing world. Psychol. An important contribution of research on newcomers to the group is a demonstration that newcomers, who, by definition, are in a minority, may affect the existing members overt behavior as a highly relevant but generally neglected variable (Levine and Choi, 2010). For decades, research on social influence, which established social psychology as a scientific discipline early in the 20th century, conceptualized influence as a one-way street (Prislin and Crano, 2012). They do so for a variety of reasons, which fuel their influence efforts and shape their influence strategies. Curr. Instead of identifying with the minority group, individuals will dissociate the minority views from the people who promoted them. J. Appl. Rev. The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. To ensure that only unique empirical studies were counted, care was taken not to double-count studies that were published in journals and later summarized in book chapters or vice versa. While conformity involves pressure from the majority on an individual, minority influence puts pressure on the majority. In the immediate aftermath of social change, the new majority showed little attachment to the groupa finding consistent with previous studies (Prislin et al., 2000, 2002; Prislin and Christensen, 2002, 2005b). Sindhi Muslims had a much larger majority of about seventy-4 percent. Being in a minority is a social condition, often characterized by adverse outcomes, tangible and intangible alike (for review, see Prislin and Christensen, 2005a). Opin. Psychol. Critical thinkingis discouraged, with dissenters being ostracised by the majority. Because gains are experienced less intensely than the comparable losses (Kahneman and Tversky, 1979), changes away from the minority position should elicit positive reactions that are weaker than negative reactions to changes away from the majority positions. (2011). ________ is the first step in the foot-in-the-door None of the proposed models, however, has been tested empirically outside of computational simulations. There is no future in which white people disappear from America, but there is also no future in which the understanding of whiteness stays the same. The findings suggest that the perceived confidence of a minority to make decisions independently of the group can lead to other individuals giving more consideration to its views. J. Exp. This study examined reactions to minority and majority positions that were either stable or reversed through group conversion that transformed opponents 17, 475482. Rather, it signifies their under-representation in the mainstream (i.e., information-processing) considerations of minority influence. eds. J. M. Levine and M. A. Hogg (Sage), 566570. Prislin, R., and Wood, W. (2005). Latan, B. Psychol. A study of minorities as victims. WebQ#28 minorities influence majority opinion primarily through - The correct answer is b.) To the extent that acceptance means a state of cognitive merging with a group (Baumeister and Leary, 1995), it cannot be satisfied through acquiescence, which implies affiliation, not integration, with others.
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