2 Creative Commons Attribution License Another way to apply the interactionist perspective is to look at how people define their races and the race of others. b. inheritance laws in agricultural societies increased the power of females in the family. a. objectification of women but not men. For symbolic interactionists, race and ethnicity provide strong symbols as sources of identity. a. in 5 out of 10 of the countries, women and men spend almost equal hours on unpaid household labor. For example, if we want to understand prejudice, we must understand that the prejudice focused on a white woman because of her gender is very different from the layered prejudice focused on a poor Asian woman, who is affected by stereotypes related to being poor, being a woman, and her ethnic status. a. the idea that women can achieve as much success as men if they work hard enough. 1790 d. 35. c. Occupational sex segregation refers to which of the following? then you must include on every physical page the following attribution: If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a digital format, Another way to apply the functionalist perspective to racism is to discuss the way racism can contribute positively to the functioning of society by strengthening bonds between in-groups members through the ostracism of out-group members. Peers tend to reinforce gender roles by criticizing and marginalizing those who behave outside of their assigned roles. d. the glass escalator. a. exposure to pollutants through cooking Orthodox Jewish What percent of transgender adults report being harassed? Supreme Court decision, Roe v. Wade, a. This page titled 2.2: Sociological Theoretical Perspectives is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Erika Gutierrez, Jant Hund, Shaheen Johnson, Carlos Ramos, Lisette Rodriguez, & Joy Tsuhako (ASCCC Open Educational Resources Initiative (OERI)) . d. white female-headed households. On the average, men in the United States For symbolic interactionists, race and ethnicity provide strong symbols as sources of identity. a. a male perceived to be dishonoring his country. The meaning attached to racial an ethnic labels and images. Doing gender is the notion that masculinity and feminity are performed gender identities. In fact, some interactionists propose that the symbols of race, not race itself, are what lead to racism. a. live about two years longer than women. c. women's career choices are structured by their choices not to attend college. In many countries, women lack power to refuse sex or negotiate protected sex. c. The Equal Education Act of 1984 This concept, sometimes, can be problematic. The belief that labeling and defining sexual deviance clarifies societal norms and values is most closely associated with which of the following sociological perspectives? d. implicit, 1.______________ prohibits sex discrimination in education programs and activities that receive federal financial assistance. However, the policy led to a disproportionate stopping and detention of Black and Latinx men and ultimately deemed as unconstitutional by the courts. In the view of functionalism, racial and ethnic inequalities must have served an important function in order to exist as long as they have. Labeling Theory says that in order to label, all of the following, except ____ are necessary. b. strives to make men more accountable for violence. d. egalitarian, 1._______ sexism refers to the ways in which the organization of society, and specifically its institutions, subordinate individuals and groups based on their sex classification. b. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. home simultaneously. 1. b. sexual harassment b. the feminine ghetto d. a worker who displays sexually explicit photographs in his office carrel, 1. d. industrial. a. passage of the Equal Rights Amendment. b. institutional sexism. In the United States, women are less likely than men to major in Of these, which country is thought to be the most liberal in its attitudes toward sex? The "glass escalator effect" refers to the process by which b. "Pinkcollar" jobs are jobs For symbolic interactionists, race and ethnicity provide strong symbols as sources of identity. a. had more education. b. men's rights This is an We can examine issues of race and ethnicity through five different sociological perspectives: functionalism, conflict theory, symbolic interactionism, intersection theory, and critical race theory. b. Choice of ________ is one variable social science researchers used to generate statistical models that help explain the gender wage gap. OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit. Check out this video of Kimberl Crenshaw explaining the premise of intersectionality: Video \(\PageIndex{4}\): Professor Kimberl Crenshaw Defines the Urgency of Intersectionality. Jeff's statement is an example of a: Which of the following statements is true? Blumer, Herbert. 1. b. The United States has not ratified the CEDAW's bill of rights. 1. b. d. the concentration of women in certain occupations and men in other occupations. For example, New York City's "Stop-and-Frisk" policy was intended to provide police officers with more latitude in questioning and apprehending potential criminals. To restore the societys pre-disturbed state or to seek a new equilibrium, the police department and various parts of the system require changes and compensatory adjustments. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. c. motherhood penalty. Over 775 million adults over the age of 15 cannot read or write. women equally shared responsibility with the men for providing food, clothing, and shelter for their families. d. all of these, 1. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. b. How does each contribute to who you are, and how would possible change alter your self-defined identity? d. the elderly, 1. c. little encouragement to follow STEM pursuits. Race prejudice as a sense of group position. According to conflict theorists, In fact, some interactionists propose that the symbols of race, not race itself, are what lead to racism. a. Androgyny d. more education for girls, 1. As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. Tom always changes the conversation to talk about sports when his female colleagues begin talking about topics that do not interest him. d. the United States. A study reported in your text examined differences between the favorite toys of 3-5 year old boys and girls found that girl toys were more likely to Consider the way slave owners justified slavery in the antebellum South, by suggesting Black people were fundamentally inferior to White and preferred slavery to freedom. 1920 c. relative resources approach Structural-functionalists argue that the traditional division of labor is no longer as functional today because of all of the following EXCEPT Which theoretical perspective stresses the importance of regulating sexual behavior to ensure marital cohesion and family stability? 1940s When we examine race and how it can bring us both advantages and disadvantages, it is important to acknowledge that the way we experience race is shaped, for example, by our gender and class. c. cultural sexism. example of Some people who claim a White identity have a greater amount of skin pigmentation than some people who claim a Black identity; how did they come to define themselves as Black or White? Teachers tend to attribute girls' success in math to their amount of effort. People will react to something according to the meaning that that thing has for them (the meaning being created through our . d. double jeopardy. According to symbolic interactionists, gender inequality becomes part of our performances of gender through ___________. Men and women are expected to perform their gender to the point that it is naturalized, and thus, their status depends on their performance. If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a print format, a. is antifeminist. a. b. a set of slang terms that degrade females. In the United States, women have had to fight for, 1. a. pinkcollar jobs Erving Goffman, one of the forefathers of this theoretical perspective, emphasized the importance of control in social interactions. 1. Its worth noting that race, in this sense, is also a system of labeling that provides a source of identity; specific labels fall in and out of favor during different social eras. Which of the following cultures DOES NOT have a socially acceptable position for third genders? b. 1. For example, while it is not an intended outcome, schools in an urban community may lead to an increase in interracial friendships and relationships, which is a beneficial outcome for the larger community and society. c. protect only women. b. racism is ordinary, not aberrational (p. 7) 1. Peers serve as a support system for children who wish to act outside of their assigned gender roles. 1.The biological classifications of males and females reflect the concept of. Famed interactionist Herbert Blumer (1958) suggested that racial prejudice is formed through interactions between members of the dominant group. Honor killings are murders that often take place publicly as a result of c. men equally shared responsibility with the women for caring for children. b. the glass escalator effect. Females are more biologically equipped for household labor and childcare. Delgado and Stefancic (2001) provided a foundational understanding of critical race theory by considering the following six elements: 1. Jan 20, 2023 OpenStax. d. gender roles were reversed, with women providing food and shelter and men caring for the children. c. cardiovascular diseases. Collins & Bilge (2020) combine the critical inquiry into inequalities and stratification with critical praxis to advance social justice. An example of this might be an individual whose beliefs about a particular group are based on images conveyed in popular media, and those are unquestionably believed because the individual has never personally met a member of that group. Men hold more high-earning, leadership jobs than women. OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit. d. 90 percent. a. clinical depression. The __________refers to a set of societal expectations that discourages males from expressing emotion, a. gender deviance hypothesis What is the term for jobs that offer few benefits, often have low prestige, and are disproportionately held by Though actively involved in the social construction of race, society ignores or is not taught that racial categories are subjective, not fixed, and not based on facts, as explained in Chapter 1.2. This book uses the ., U. b. quotas 1999-2023, Rice University. Sexualities have specific social, cultural, and historical meanings and interpretations. children. a. increased campaign financing for female candidates Intersectional theory reminds us to consider how race, gender, and social class not only impact our social structures and our social interactions but are also engrained within our social institutions. How can racism and discrimination contribute positively to society? b. sexual script 5 b. men a. hiring preferences for veterans b. listen to girls more than boys. Do you think films like "Black Panther" have the potential to change society? 40% 11.3C: The Interactionist Perspective is shared under a CC BY-SA license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. then you must include on every digital page view the following attribution: Use the information below to generate a citation. Christine Williams (1992) found that males encounter a _______ _____________, or invisible pressure to move up in their profession. EXCEPT Famed interactionist Herbert Blumer (1958) suggested that racial prejudice is formed through interactions between members of the dominant group. Except where otherwise noted, textbooks on this site If the interaction is in danger of ending before an individual wants it to, it can be conserved through several steps. The __________ refers to society's tendency to discourage males from expressing emotion, weakness, or vulnerability, or asking for help. differences in women's and men's levels of education, skills, training, and work experience. Sexual harassment laws The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo d. Postmodernists, 1. Feminist sociologist Patricia Hill Collins (1990) further developed intersection theory, originally articulated in 1989 by Kimberl Crenshaw, which suggests we cannot separate the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes (Figure 11.4). d. little recourse in the face of unreasonable demands. In general, men are socialized into________ roles. b. accountability 1. The meanings attached to symbols are socially created and fluid, instead of natural and static. In general, females are more likely than males to suffer How many states have ratified the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)? c. woman without children. consent of Rice University. Women tend to advance more quickly in STEM occupations than do men. c. Canada. a. a decrease of women in the workforce after World War II. b. soon after a child learns to talk. The feminization of poverty reflects all of the following EXCEPT d. tender tasks. b. day care facilities. b. work that does not require much cognitive ability. Another way to apply the functionalist perspective to race and ethnicity is to discuss the way racism can contribute positively to the functioning of society by strengthening bonds between in-group members through the ostracism of out-group members. The belief held by a society that females are less valuable than males is an example of. b. mother with young children. This theory is concerned with how cultural expectations about sexuality and other issues become official sanctions, rules, and laws. A functionalist might look at functions and dysfunctions caused by racial inequality. Her job requires caring, negotiating, and empathizing, also known as Social interaction is a face-to-face process that consists of actions, reactions, and mutual adaptation between two or more individuals. d. all of these. a. Structural-functionalists In her split labor market theory, conflict theorist Edna Bonacich (1972) proposed that ethnic antagonism often has economic underpinnings because the capitalist owners of the means of production would prefer to pay workers from a particular ethnic group lower wages than workers from a dominant ethnic group. b. live about the same number of years as women. d. devaluation, 1. This is an example of _______. . d. sexualizing of young girls and boys. b. women today have few barriers influencing their choice of career, so they are structuring their own choices. are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written 25 d. the publication of Betty Friedan's book, The Feminine Mystique. One-to-one interactions and communications. In the late nineteenth century, the rising power of Black Americans after the Civil War resulted in draconian Jim Crow laws that severely limited Black political and social power. According to the symbolic interactionist perspective, we do gender: Which of the following factors can affect the pay gap? According to symbolic interactionists, gender assignment begins a. at birth. c. Boys and girls learn differently. b. unfair treatment of employees on the basis of their sex One conversational partner can conform to the expectations of the other, he or she can ignore certain incidents, or he or she can solve apparent problems. The study reported in your text of the household division of labor in 10 Western countries found According to Merton, a dysfunction would be considered a harmful latent outcome of an institutional policy or practice. 1. 1. c. Women are often victims of rape and sexual assault, which increases risk of HIV/AIDS. c. second shift theory In general, religious teachings have tended to promote This occurs when citizens from economically developed countries travel to less economically developed countries to purchase the sexual services of local people. Our mission is to improve educational access and learning for everyone. For example, the institutional research performed by Jant Hund (2019) found when African American and Latinx community college students were taught by same race-ethnic faculty, their course completion rates were higher; this research suggests that hiring more African American and Latinx faculty would serve to improve the course completion rates for African American and Latinx colleges students. d. women choose their careers primarily according to their perceptions of their own individual abilities. c. occupational sex segregation Multiple layers of disadvantage intersect to create the way we experience race. 1. c. music and the arts. Conflict theories are often applied to inequalities of gender, social class, education, race, and ethnicity. Because men have more education, higher incomes, and more prestigious occupations, they are less responsible for domestic labor. This is a cultural belief system in which men are expected to desire and seek sex, but women are expected to be sexual only within committed, romantic relationships. A1. 5. intersectionality 1. https://openstax.org/books/introduction-sociology-3e/pages/1-introduction, https://openstax.org/books/introduction-sociology-3e/pages/11-2-theoretical-perspectives-on-race-and-ethnicity, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Describe how major sociological perspectives view race and ethnicity, Identify examples of culture of prejudice. Functionalism emphasizes that all the elements of society have functions that promote solidarity and maintain order and stability in society. d. women should embrace their femininity and reject masculine qualities. Because of this, we act and react to symbols based on their current assigned meanings. Prior to the 19th Amendment being ratified, women were not considered a legal person on their own. d. Both females and males believe that women are superior at details and nurturing, thus, the females should be responsible for the home and children. d. health. Which perspective argues that when income or occupation is inconsistent with traditional gender roles, individuals Women are more likely to be unemployed compared to men. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Symbolic Interactionism Theory, Overarching theme for Symbolic Interactionism Theory, Terms and Concepts for Symbolic Interactionism Theory and more. Worldwide, women represent percent of representatives to legislative bodies. b. HIV/AIDS. only when they apply to our biological sex, only if we are actively following gender roles, the hatred of or, aversion to, or prejudice against women, a person's capacity for personal attachment, a persons capacity for sexual feelings, Sexual safety without promoting abstinence. a. women and men should have equal rights and responsibilities. b. women's unpaid household labor was less in the United States than in any of the other countries. According to the symbolic interactionist perspective, we "do gender": during half of our activities only when they apply to our biological sex only if we are actively following gender roles all of the time, in everything we do 9. The years since the Civil War have showed a pattern of attempted disenfranchisement, with gerrymandering and voter suppression efforts aimed at predominantly minority neighborhoods.